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The structure of DNA, chromosomes and prpteins
- Study guide • 20 pages • 2019
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Describe the structure of DNA.
a. Describe the primary and secondary structure of DNA 
b. Discuss alternative double-helical structures 
c. Discuss denaturation, melting temperature and renaturation
d. Describe the tertiary structure of DNA by referring to supercoiling 
2. Explain the structure of a chromosome 
a. Explain the processes involved in the packaging of DNA 
b. Discuss the role of packaging in a cell 
3. Explain how nucleosomes affect nuclear processes to control gene expression
4. De...
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Theoretical principles of PCR and the use of this technique in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 11 pages • 2019
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Discuss the sources of DNA for cloning 
2. Explain the theoretical principles of PCR and the use of this technique in recombinant
genetic technology & biotechnology
a. Explain what PCR is 
b. Explain the role of primers, dNTPs, Taq polymerase and buffer in the reaction
c. Describe the three steps of PCR
d. Draw the first 3 cycles of PCR
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The various mechanisms of regulating eukaryotic gene expression
- Study guide • 14 pages • 2019
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a. Explain the role of DNA packaging in gene expression regulation
b. Explain by means of an example how DNA packaging can regulated gene expression 
c. Describe the role of transcription factors, enhancers, silencers and promoters in
transcriptional regulation 
d. Explain how DNA-binding proteins can interact at a distance 
e. Explain why not all gene regulation targets transcription initiation 
f. Explain how alternative splicing give rise to different mRNA thus assisting with gene
regulation ...
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The theoretical principles of plasmid DNA isolation and the use of vectors and plasmids in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 8 pages • 2019
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a. Explain why plasmids are necessary to produce recombinant DNA 
b. Explain the difference between chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA within E.Coli.
c. Describe the three different conformations in which plasmid DNA is found
d. Describe how these different conformations will separate on an agarose gel during
electrophoreses
e. Explain how plasmid DNA is purified from E.coli cells by using the alkaline lysis
approach. In your answer refer to the function of each reagent 
f. Explain why the above-me...
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Theoretical principles of electrophoresis and blotting and the use of these techniques in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 8 pages • 2019
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a. Define electrophoresis 
b. Explain which molecules can be analysed using electrophoresis 
c. Explain how an electrical current can separate DNA fragments based on their size
d. Explain why smaller fragments move faster through the gel then bigger fragments
e. Determine the size of unknown DNA fragments by using a DNA ladder 
f. Construct a restriction map based on sizes of fragments 
g. Explain the role of positive and negative controls in an experiment 
h. Explain the function of a loading d...
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Theoretical principles of DNA sequencing and the use of this technique in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 4 pages • 2019
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a. Describe what DNA sequencing is 
b. Explain the Sanger sequencing method 
i. In your answer refer to the primer, type of nucleotides and polymerase
c. Read a DNA sequence from an autoradiograph
d. Explain how DNA sequencing can be automated by replacing radioactive labels
with fluorescent labels 
e. Explain the use of next-generation sequencing 
f. Explain the principle of “sequence-by-synthesis”
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Theoretical principles of animal cell cloning and the use of these techniques in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 7 pages • 2019
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a. Compare and contrast three distinct methods for genetic manipulation of organisms
b. Discuss step by step how to make a transgenic mouse 
c. Explain how transgene expression can be analysed 
d. What is meant by “inducible transgenic mice”? 
e. What is “knockout mouse” 
f. Discuss the role of model organisms in Molecular biology studies 
i. Consider the characteristics of a model organism as well.
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Theoretical principles of tissue culture and plant transformations and the use of these techniques in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 3 pages • 2019
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a. Explain why due to totipotency it is much easier to produce transgenic plants than
transgenic animals
b. Discuss the process of tissue culture
c. List and discuss the major strategies for gene transfer to plant cells
i. Explain agrobacterium transformation in detail by referring to the Ti plasmid,
T- DNA, border sequences, vir genes, oncogenes 
ii. Discuss the experimental protocol for transferring genes via agrobacterium
in dicots 
2. Discuss electroporation and microballistics (gene gun) as...
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Theoretical principles of molecular markers & genome mapping and the use of these techniques in recombinant genetic technology & biotechnology
- Study guide • 9 pages • 2019
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a. Define marker
b. Define mapping 
c. Explain the concept of “linkage analysis” 
d. Explain what a RFLP is and how it is generated 
e. Differentiate between physical maps, cytogenetic maps and linkage 
f. Explain why genome mapping are beneficial in finding genes
g. Discuss how RFLPs can be used as markers of genetic diseases 
h. Discuss PCR-RFLP
i. Explain what DNA typing is and what it is used for
j. Define polymorphism 
k. Compare and contrast the following DNA markers: STRs, SNPs, Minis...
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Approaches to biotechnology such as transcriptome analysis & microarrays
- Study guide • 7 pages • 2019
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a. Explain what is a transcriptome
b. Differentiate between transient and stable transfection/transformation 
c. Differentiate between constitutive expression, spatial expression and temporal
expression
d. Explain what a microarray is 
e. Explain how a microarray can be used to detect differences in gene expression